<item><hi format=bold>International disputes:</hi> maritime boundary with Cambodia not defined; involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and possibly Brunei; unresolved maritime boundary with Thailand; maritime boundary dispute with China in the Gulf of Tonkin; Paracel Islands occupied by China but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan
<item><hi format=bold>Climate:</hi> tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (mid-May to mid-September) and warm, dry season (mid-October to mid-March)
<item><hi format=bold>Terrain:</hi> low, flat delta in south and north; central highlands; hilly, mountainous in far north and northwest
<item>• <hi format=ital>meadows and pastures:</hi> 1%
<item>• <hi format=ital>forest and woodland:</hi> 40%
<item>• <hi format=ital>other:</hi> 35%
</list>
<item><hi format=bold>Irrigated land:</hi> 18,300 sq km (1989 est.)
<item><hi format=bold>Environment:</hi>
<list style=hang>
<item>• <hi format=ital>current issues:</hi> deforestation; soil degradation; water pollution and overfishing threatening marine life populations
<item>• <hi format=ital>natural hazards:</hi> occasional typhoons (May to January) with extensive flooding
<item>• <hi format=ital>international agreements:</hi> party to—Environmental Modification, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified—Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban